"Races of a Questionable Ethnical Type":
Origins of the Jurisdiction of the U.S. Bureau of Education in Alaska, 1867-1885
Pacific Northwest Quarterly, vol. 75 (October 1984), pp. 156-163

FootNotes:

*Stephen Haycox is a professor of history at the University of Alaska, Anchorage, where he has taught since receiving his Ph.D. at the University of Oregon. He is working currently on a study of federal and territorial Indian policy in Alaska.

¹Theodore Charles Hinckley, "The Alaska Labors of Sheldon Jackson, 1877-1890," Ph.D. dissertation (Indiana University, 1961), 131; Darrell H. Smith, The Bureau of Education: Its History, Activities and Organization (Baltimore, 1923), 5, 47: Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Policy in Crisis: Christian Reformers and the Indian, 1865-1900 (Norman, Okla., 1976), 15, 24.

²Richard E. Welch, Jr., "American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian America," American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 17 (1958), 481-94; Jeannette Paddock Nichols, Alaska: A History of Its Administration, Exploitation, and Industrial Development during Its First Half Century under the Rule of the United States (Cleveland, 1924), 23-24; Bobby Dave Lain, "North of Fifty-three: Army, Treasury Department and Navy Administration of Alaska, 1867-1884," Ph.D. dissertation (University of Texas, Austin, 1974), 7-10.

³Proclamation of March 30, 1867, 15 Stat. 542 (1867).

⁴"Russian America," 40th Cong., 2d Sess., 1868, H.E.D. 177, Pt. 1, p. 156 (Serial 1339).

⁵See Davis's report, 40th Cong., 3d Sess., 1868, H.E.D. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 37-40 (Serial 1367), for this and next paragraph.

⁶Donald J. D'Elia, "The Argument over Civilian or Military Indian Control, 1865-1880," Historian, Vol. 24 (1962), 207-25; Davis, 40 (quotation); 41st Cong., 3d Sess., 1870, H.E.D. 1, Pt. 2, pp. 53-54, 58 (Serial 1446).

⁷For the Board of Indian Commissioners and for Colyer, see Robert H. Keller, Jr., American Protestantism and United States Indian Policy, 1869-82 (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), 1-2, 4, 18, 32, 79-80; Robert Winston Mardock. The Reformers and the American Indian (Columbia, Mo., 1971), 63, 65-66; and Prucha, 27-28, 35. Colyer's report, which includes responses to inquiries he made and excerpts from official reports on Alaska, appears as appendix D to the Indian commissioner's annual report, 41st Cong., 2d Sess., 1869, H.E.D. 1, Pt. 3, pp. 975-1058 (Serial 1414).

⁸Colyer, 978, 982-84, 996 (Auric), 1016 (Behring), 1029 (Mongolian), 1033; Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1979),13-25.

⁹Colyer, 1029 and 1032 (Dodge), 1042 (Lagrange), 1014 (Louthan), 1002 (last quotation).

¹⁰Ibid., 1002, 1003.

¹¹Morgan Sherwood, "Ardent Spirits: Hooch and the Osprey Affair at Sitka," Journal of the West, Vol. 4 (1965), 308-10; Paul S. Holbo, Tarnished Expansion: The Alaska Scandal, the Press, and Congress, 1867-1871 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1983), 37, 66-80; 16 Stat. 359 (1870) (quotation); Lot Morrill to Columbus Delano, Feb. 10, 1872, in "Condition of the Inhabitants of Alaska," 42d Cong., 2d Sess., 1872, H.E.D. 197, p. 7 (Serial 1513); Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Morrill, Lot Myrick."

¹²Quoted in "Education in Alaska," 47th Cong., Ist Sess., 1882, S.E.D. 30, p. 14 (Serial 1986).

¹³DAB, s.v. "Delano, Columbus," "Walker, Francis Amasa"; Robert M. Kvasnicka and Herman J. Viola, The Commissioners of Indian Affairs, 1824-1977 (Lincoln, Neb., 1979),135-39; Prucha, 41-45.

¹⁴See Walker's report in "Condition of Inhabitants," 3-4, for this and next paragraph.

¹⁵Delano to Speaker of the House, March 16, 1872, in "Condition of Inhabitants," 2.

¹⁶"Education in Alaska," 17.

¹⁷Colyer, 1009, 1002; for model bill see "Education in Alaska," 18.

¹⁸Congressional Globe, 42d Cong., 2d Sess., 1872, p. 2957 (quotations); 17 Stat. 189 (1872).

¹⁹For Hinton's report, see 42d Cong., 3d Sess., 1873, H.E.D. 1, Pt. 5, p. 418 (Serial 1561); for Hayt's report, 45th Cong., 2d Sess., 1877, H.E.D. 1, Pt. 5, pp. 422-23 (Serial 1800); Kvasnicka and Viola, 155-56.

²⁰Nichols, 59; Ernest Gruening. The State of Alaska (New York, 1954), 33-43.

²¹Theodore C. Hinckley, "Sheldon Jackson, Presbyterian Lobbyist for the Great Land of Alaska," Journal of Presbyterian History, Vol. 40 (1962), 3-23; idem, "Sheldon Jackson and Benjamin Harrison: Presbyterians and the Administration of Alaska," PNQ, Vol. 54 (1963), 66-74; "Education in Alaska," esp. 20-22; John Eaton, "Sheldon Jackson, Alaska's Apostle and Pioneer," Review of Reviews, Vol, 13 (1896), 695.

²²23 Stat. 27-28 (1884) (quotation); Hinckley, "Alaska Labors," 131,136; Stephen Haycox, "Sheldon Jackson in Historical Perspective: Alaska Native Schools and Mission Contracts, 1885-1894," Pacific Historian, Vol. 28 (1984),18-28.

²³Prucha, 194; Sheldon Jackson, "Report on Education in Alaska," 49th Cong., lst Sess., 1886, S.E.D. 85, pp. 30-31 (Serial 2339) (in this first extensive report after his appointment, Jackson also asserted [pp. 10-11] that Alaska natives were not Indians); Thomas Robert Hopkins, "Educational Provisions for the Alaskan Natives since 1867," M.A. thesis (University of Texas, 1959), 16, 33. For a new village, see Donald J. Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names (Washington, D.C., 1967), s.v. "Hydaburg."

²⁴U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs . . . June 30,1931 (Washington, D.C., 1931),12.