APPENDIX

The following table presents a visual model of 131 Alaskan communities for which we have both subsistence harvest data (gathered by state surveys in the mid-1980's) and demographic/socio-economic information (from the 1990 Census and other sources):

Column A lists 131 place names. (NOTE: Although the sample is slightly deficient in its representation of all geographical areas of the bush, it contains one-third of all human communities in Alaska and fully four-fifths of the state's population.)

Column B denotes the region in which each community is located.

Column C denotes the year in which the Subsistence Division conducted its harvest study in each community.

Column D lists each community's annual per capita harvest of wild foods (pounds of dressed weight, per person, per year). (NOTE: This column is the dominant variable in the table and accounts for the order in which the communities are listed. It begins at the top with an average of 10 pounds for Anchorage and advances down the page until it reaches 1,498 pounds for the village of Hughes.)

Column E lists each community's total population (1990 census).

Column F lists each community's average per capita cash income in Calendar Year 1989 (1990 census).

Column G indicates whether each ,community is road- or rail-connected to urban areas (YES), or is non-connected (NO), or is located in Southeast Alaska (SEA), where non-connected places are in a slightly different socio-economic category from non-connected communities in the main part of the state.

Column H gives the Native American percentage of each community's population (1990 census). (NOTE: The combination of Columns H, I and j provides a good look at any community's "Nativeness.")

Column I shows which communities have BIA-recognized tribal councils - whether Traditional Councils or those chartered under the Indian Reorganization Act.

Column j indicates which communities have ANCSA village corporate entities. The list has been divided into three levels, measured in multiples of 100 pounds per capita per year of harvested wild foods, in order to present a picture of low, middle and high levels of subsistence use in modern Alaska.

A B c D E F G H I J GROUP I

1 Anchorage Southcentral 1984 10.0 226,338 $19,620 Yes 6.44 % No No

2 Mat-Su Borough Southcentral 1984 17.0 39,683 $15,898 Yes 4.88 % No No

3 Fairbanks Interior 1984 22.0 77,720 $15,914 Yes 6.86 % No No

6 Seldovia Southcentral 1982 50.6 316 $14,052 No 15.19% Yes-IRA Yes

7 Skagway Southeast I 987 51.8 692 $17,671 SEA 5.49% No No

8 Talkeetna Southcentral 1985 55.1 250 $11,576 Yes 1.60% No No

9 Metlakatla Southeast 1987 70.8 1,407 $12 463 SEA 83.51% Yes-IRA No

10 Ninilchik Southcentral 1982 85.4 456 $15,118 Yes 19.52% Yes-TC Yes

11 Saxman Southeast 1987 89.3 369 $10,714 SEA 76.96% Yes-IRA Yes

12 Homer Southcentral 1982 93.8 3,660 $19,182 Yes 3.55% No No

13 Glenallen Southcentral 1987 99.4 451 $15,435 Yes 6.65% No No

GROUP II

14 Haines Southeast 1987 103.6 1,238 $16,790 Yes 18.09% Yes-IRA No

16 Cantwell Southcentral 1982 111.6 147 $20,128 Yes 22.45% Yes-TC Yes

16 Dot Lake Interior 1987 115.6 70 $8,289 Yes 54.29% Yes-TC Yes

17 Mentasta Southcentral 1987 125.4 96 $6,392 Yes 72.92% Yes-TC Yes

18 Healy Interior 1987 132.1 487 $18,160 Yes 1.44% No No

19 Kenny Lake Southcentral 1987 136.2 423 $12,172 Yes 9.69% No No

20 Anderson Interior 1987 139.2 628 $18,360 Yes 3.66% No No

21 Sitka Southcentral 1987 146.3 8,588 $16,962 SEA 20.92% Yes-IRA Yes

22 Kodiak (City) Southwest 1982 147.2 6,365 $22,951 No 12.74% Yes-TC Yes

23 Tok Interior 1987 149.2 935 $14,559 Yes 12.51% No No

24 Gulkana Southcentral 1987 152.1 103 $18,232 Yes 59.22% Yes-TC Yes

25 Tonsina Southcentral 1987 155.7 38 $5,451 Yes 18.42% No No

26 Kake Southeast 1987 158.6 700 $13,193 SEA 73.43% Yes-IRA Yes

27 Cordova incl. Eyak Southcentral 1985 163.8 2 ,282 $26,461 No 10.96% Yes-TC Yes

28 Hollis Southeast 1987 163.9 111 $12,060 SEA 2.70% No No

GROUP III

Analysis of Table

Regional Location (Column B).

Of the 13 low-subsistence communities in Group I, all but one (highly urbanized Fairbanks in the Interior) are located in- either the Southcentral or the Southeast region. No community in the Southwest, Arctic North Slope, Arctic Northwest or Western region is in Group I.

The 51 mid-level subsistence communities of Group II present a more mixed geographical distribution. Still a majority (30) are in Southcentral and Southeast, ten are in the Interior (all but two being highway-connected non-Native or mixed communities), 10 are in Southwest (all commercial fishing centers), and only oil revenue-impacted Barrow represents the Arctic North Slope region. No community of the Arctic Northwest or Western region is in Group II, much less in Group I.

Of the 67 high-subsistence communities in Group III, only three are located in Southcentral, while 11 are in Southeast. The other 53 include ten in the Interior (all of which, except Minto, are non-road-connected Native villages), 17 in Southwest, four of the five surveyed communities in Arctic North Slope, all four from Arctic Northwest, and all 11 from the Western region.

Total Population (Column E).

The 13 low-subsistence communities of Group I have an aggregate population of 384,420 people, 86.5 percent of the sample's total (444,581) for all 131 places. Indeed, the four largest urban communities at the top. of the list (Anchorage, Mat-Su, Fairbanks and Juneau) have 370,492 people, fully 83.3 percent of the sample's total. Six communities have under 1,000 people; two have between 1,000 and 5,000; one is between 5,000 and 10,000; and from there the totals abruptly jump to the top four, each of which has more than 25,000 people. The average community population for Group I is 29,571.

The 51 mid-level subsistence communities of Group II have an aggregate population of 41,440, 9.3 percent of the sample's total. Only nine have populations above 1,000, and 39 have fewer than 500 people each. The average for all 51 is 813.

The 67 high-subsistence communities of Group III have an aggregate population of 18,721, 4.2 percent of the sample's total. Only one (the regional service center of Kotzebue) has more than 1,000 people, and 57 have populations below 500 each. The average for all 67 is 279.

Cash Income (Column F).

Of the 13 low-subsistence communities in Group I, nine have average per capita incomes above $15,000, and the other four are between $10,000 and $15,000. The lowest is $10,714, at the Native community of Saxman. The average for all Group I communities is $15,803.

Among the 51 mid-level subsistence communities in Group 11, 12 are above $20,000 (mainly road-connected, non-Native or mixed towns and commercial fishing centers), 15 are between $15,000 and $20,000, another 15 are between $10,000 and $15,000, and nine have per capita incomes below $10,000. The average for Group II is $15,635.

Of the 67 high-subsistence communities in Group III, only one (the non-Native, commercial fishing community of Port Alsworth) ranks above $20,000 per capita. Nine are between $15,000 and $20,000, with another 14 between $10,000 and $15,000. Fully 39 communities (58.2% of Group III) have average per capita incomes below $10,000, and 30

of those are below $8,000. The average for all 67 in Group III is $9,558. For the last 39 communities at the bottom of the list (those that annually harvested above 500 pounds of wild foods per person), the average per capita income is $7,546.

Road or Rail Connection (Column G).

Among the 13 low-subsistence communities in Group I, eight places are road- or rail-connected (YES), four others are in Southeast (SEA), and only one in the main part of the state (Seldovia) is non-connected (NO).

In Group II, 20 communities are transportation-connected, 14 others are in Southeast, and 17 are non-connected.

In Group III, only two communities are transportation-connected, 11 others are in Southeast, and fully 54 communities (80.6% of Group III) are non-connected.

Native American Character of Communities (Columns H, I, J).

In Column H, 11 of the 13 low-subsistence communities in Group I have Native American populations of less than 20 percent, and eight of those are below 10 percent. The average of Alaska's top four urban communities (Anchorage, Mat-Su, Fairbanks, Juneau) is only 7.8 percent Native American. Only two Group I communities (Saxman, on the outskirts of urban Ketchikan, and commercially well-developed Metlakatla) show Native majorities. The average for Group I is 19.4 percent Native American. Without Saxman and Metlakatla, it sinks to 8.3 percent.

The Native American percentages of Group H's 51 mid-level subsistence communities are mixed. 21 communities are below 20 percent, 14 of those being below 10 percent. 20 other communities are spread out almost evenly between 20 percent and 80 percent. Ten communities, all in the lower half of Group II, have Native American populations between 80 percent and 100 percent. The average for Group II is 40.2 percent Native American.

Of the 67 high-subsistence communities in Group III, only eight have Native American populations below 20 percent. With the exception of Port Alsworth on Lake Clark, all are small non-Native places in Southeast. 12 other communities are spread between 20 percent and 80 percent. Fully 46 communities (68.7% of Group III) have Native American populations between 80 percent and 100 percent, and 33 of those are above 90 percent. The average for Group III is 75.9 percent Native American. The 39 highest-level subsistence communities at the bottom of the Table (those harvesting above 500 pounds per capita per year) average 88.4 percent Native American.

Of the 13 low-subsistence communities in Group I, eight have BIA-recognized tribal councils and five do not (Column I). The same ratio pertains to ANCSA corporations Column J), although it does not apply to exactly the same communities. (Juneau is in ANCSA but has no BIA-recognized tribal institution, while Metlakatla is a recognized tribe unaffected by ANCSA.)

Among the 51 mid-level subsistence communities in Group II, 34 have recognized tribal institutions and 17 do not, while 31 have ANCSA corporations and 20 do not.

Of the 67 high-subsistence communities of Group 111, 58 (86.6%) have both tribal and corporate Native institutions and nine do not.

STAFF

Mike lrwin, Executive Director

William Hanable

Debra Jessup

Florence Lauridsen

Harold Napoleon

Robert Singyke

____________________

COVER DESIGN

Debra Dubac

Joint Federal-State

Commission on Policies

and Programs Affecting

Alaska Natives

Anchorage, Alaska

May 1994

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