Works on Central Yup'ik
Hensel, Chase, Marie Blanchett, Ida Alexie, and Phyllis Morrow. 1980. Qaneryaurci Yup'igtun: an Introductory Course in Yup'ik Eskimo for Non-speakers. Bethel: Yup'ik Language Center. 146 pp. [Practical lessons in conversational Yup'ik, with drills.]
Jacobson, Steven. 1984. Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. 757 pp. [The first comprehensive dictionary of the language. Yup'ik-to-English with English-to-Yup'ik index, full introduction, and numerous appendices.]
Krauss, Michael E. 1982. Native Peoples and Languages of Alaska. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. [Full-color wall map.]
Mather, Elsie P. 1985. Cauyarnariuq. Bethel, Alaska: Lower Kuskokwim School District.
Miyaoka, Osahito. 1980. "Alaska Native Languages in Transition." In Alaska Native Culture and History, ed. Yoshinobu Kotani and William Workman, Senri Ethnological Studies 4, National Museum of Ethnology, Senri, Osaka, Japan.
Miyaoka, Osahito. 1981. "Grammatical Synopsis of 'Central Yupik' Eskimo." Asian and African Linguistics (Tokyo) 10:1-14. [A good brief summary.]
Miyaoka, Osahito and Elsie Mather. 1979. Yup'ik Eskimo Orthography. Revised edition. Bethel: Yup'ik Language Center. 155 pp. [Systematic practical lessons in spelling Yup'ik, especially for speakers of the language.]
Miyaoka, Osahito, Elsie Mather, and Marie Meade. Forthcoming. Survey of Yup'ik Grammar. Anchorage: University of Alaska Anchorage.
Reed, E. Irene, Osahito Miyaoka, Steven Jacobson, Paschal Afcan, and Michael Krauss. 1977. Yup'ik Eskimo Grammar. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center and Yup'ik Language Workshop. vii + 330 pp. [This grammar of the language is arranged as a two-and-a-half-year college-level course in Yup'ik, with exercises and extensive bibliography of works in the language published before 1977; it is out of print pending completion of a rewritten classroom grammar.]
General Works on Yup'ik Culture
Fienup-Riordan, Ann. 1983. The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution. Anchorage: Alaska Pacific University Press. 419 pp. [Traditional customs in modern Yup'ik culture.]
Fienup-Riordan, Ann. 1988. The Yup'ik Eskimos: As Described in the Travel Journals and Ethnographic Accounts of John and Edith Kilbuck. Kingston, Ontario: Limestone Press.
Fitzhugh, William W. 1982. Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 295 pp. [Based on E. W. Nelson's documentation and artifact collections of early Yup'ik and western Inupiaq culture; heavily illustrated.]
Lantis, Margaret. 1960. Eskimo Childhood and Interpersonal Relationships. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Nelson, Edward W. 1899. The Eskimo About Bering Strait. Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report, Vol. 1, pp. 1-518. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. [The finest 19th-century documentation of Yup'ik culture and technology.] Reprinted, Smithsonian Institution, 1983.
Oswalt, Wendell H. 1963a. Mission of Change in Alaska. San Marino: The Huntington Library.
Oswalt, Wendell H. 1963b. Napaskiak, an Alaskan Eskimo Community. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Oswalt, Wendell H. 1967. Alaskan Eskimos. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co. 297 pp. [General anthropological survey concentrating on pre-European-contact culture and technology.]
Zagoskin, Lavrentii A. 1967. Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels in Russian America, 1842-1844. Edited by Henry N. Michael. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [The earliest major European documentation of Yup'ik culture.]
Vick, Ann, ed. 1983. The Cama-i Book. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. [Personal history and ways of life, collected by high school students for a Foxfire project.]
Yup'ik Literature
Jacobson, Anna W. 1990. Elnguq. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
Tennant, Edward A. and Joseph N. Bitar, eds. 1981. Yup'ik Lore: Oral Traditions of an Eskimo People. Bethel: Lower Kuskokwim School District. [A major collection; the transcriptions and English translations were done by Yup'ik staff members.]
Woodbury, Anthony C., ed. 1984. Cev'armiut Qanemciit Qulirait-llu. Narratives and Tales from Chevak, Alaska, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. 80 pp. [Cultural accounts, historical accounts, and traditional stories in Yup'ik and English in bicolumnar format, with extensive introduction.]
Further reading: The Yup'ik Language Center, Kuskokwim Community College, Bethel, AK 99559 has several hundred publications in Yup'ik, mostly elementary-school books, available.
Works on Alutiiq
Birket-Smith, Kaj. 1953. The Chugach Eskimo. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseets Publikationsfond. [A survey of traditional Alutiiq culture and technology, including summaries of traditional stories, based on fieldwork done in the 1930s.]
Leer, Jeff. 1978. A Conversational Dictionary of Kodiak Alutiiq. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. [Introduction to sounds and grammar for the general reader; selective English-to-Alutiiq dictionary with brief entries; Kodiak Island dialect.]
Leer, Jeff. 1978. Nanwalegmiut Paluwigmiut-llu Nupugnerit: Conversational Alutiiq Dictionary. Anchorage: National Bilingual Materials Development Center. [Introduction to sounds and grammar for the general reader; English-to-Alutiiq dictionary with sentence examples; Kenai Peninsula dialect.]
Leer, Jeff. 1991. Classroom Grammar of Koniag Alutiiq, Kodiak Island Dialect. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
Works on Siberian Yupik
Badten, Linda Womkon, et. al. 1987. A Dictionary of the St. Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
Jacobson, Steven. 1990. A Practical Grammar of the St. Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
Krauss, Michael E. 1975. "St. Lawrence Island Eskimo Phonology and Orthography." Linguistics 152:39-72. [Description of the sound system and the development of the practical writing system.]
Silook, Roger, et.al. 1983 St. Lawrence Island Junior Dictionary. Anchorage: Materials Development Center. [Arranged by Yupik word, with definitions in both Yupik and English, and sentence examples; much interesting cultural information, both explicit and implicit.]
Other works
Rosten, Leo. 1968. The Joys of Yiddish. New York: McGraw-Hill. [Appreciation of the language of an American ethnic minority.]
Scollon, Ron and Suzanne B. K. Scollon. 1980. Interethnic Communication. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. 42 pp. [Problems in communication between cultures and suggestions for solving them; concentrating on Athabaskan cultures but useful for all such situations.]
Alaska Historical Commission | College of Rural Alaska |
Old City Hall | University of Alaska Fairbanks |
524 W. 5th Ave., Suite 207 | Fairbanks, AK 99775 |
Anchorage, AK 99501 | (Consultation, instruction) |
(Publications, conferences) | |
Institute of Alaska Native Arts | |
Alaska Native Language Center | P.O. Box 80583 |
University of Alaska | Fairbanks, AK 99708 |
Fairbanks, AK 99775-0120 | (Publications) |
(Publications, instruction) | |
Lower Kuskokwim School District | |
Alaska Pacific University Press | Box 305 |
Alaska Pacific University | Bethel, AK 99559 |
Anchorage, AK 99504 | University of Alaska |
(Publications) | (Publications, instructional materials) |
Alaska State Film Library | Oral History Project |
650 International Airport Rd. | Rasmuson Library |
Anchorage, AK 99503 | University of Alaska Fairbanks |
Fairbanks, AK 99775 | |
Alaska State Library | |
Pouch G | University of Alaska Museum |
Juneau, AK 99811 | University of Alaska Fairbanks |
Fairbanks, AK 99775 | |
Alaska State Museum | (Tours, publications, exhibits) |
Pouch FM | |
Juneau, AK 99811 | Yup'ik Language Center |
(Traveling media kits, publications, | Kuskokwim Community College |
traveling photographic exhibits) | P.O. Box 369 |
Bethel, AK 99559 | |
(Publications, instruction) |
Lower Kuskokwim School District | Lake & Peninsula School District |
Box 305 | Box 498 |
Bethel, AK 99559-0305 | King Salmon, AK 99613 |
(907) 543-4800 | (907) 246-4280 |
Lower Yukon School District | Bering Strait School District |
Box 32089 | Box 225 |
Mountain Village, AK 99632-2089 | Unalakleet, AK 99684 |
(907) 591-2449 | (907) 624-3611 |
Southwest Region School District | Fairbanks North Star Borough |
Box 90 | School District |
Dillingham, AK 99576 | 520 Fifth Ave. |
(907) 842-5288 | Fairbanks, AK 99701 |
(907) 452-2000 | |
Kuspuk School District | |
Box 49 | Anchorage School District |
Aniak, AK 99557 | P.O. Box 196614 |
(907) 675-4250 | Anchorage, AK 99519-6614 |
(907) 333-3322 | |
St. Mary's Public Schools | |
Box 171 | |
St. Mary's, AK 99658-0171 | |
(907) 438-2311 | |
Dillingham City Schools | |
Box 170 | |
Dillingham, AK 99576 | |
(907) 842-5225 |
Language | Number of Students, K-12 |
Yup'ik Eskimo | 5,665 |
Inupiaq Eskimo | 2,698 |
Spanish | 809 |
Filipino | 540 |
Korean | 675 |
St. Lawrence Island (Siberian) Yupik | 270 |
Russian | 216 |
Koyukon Athabaskan | 270 |
Gwich'in (Kutchin) Athabaskan | 230 |
Aleut | 230 |
Other | 1,886 |
Total | 13,489 |
*Student enrollments are derived from School District Reports provided by the Department of Education each school year.
These figures are based on reports from 1991-92.
Bilingual/Bicultural Education Programs
State of Alaska, 1987-88
Distribution of Students by School District
|
|
Limited/ |
|
Language |
Speakers |
Non-Speakers |
Total |
|
|||
Yup'ik Eskimo |
|
|
|
Anchorage |
11 |
66 |
77 |
Bering Strait |
4 |
194 |
198 |
Bristol Bay |
|
6 |
6 |
Dillingham |
16 |
50 |
66 |
Fairbanks |
|
7 |
7 |
Iditarod |
|
15 |
15 |
Kuspuk |
|
116 |
116 |
Lake & Peninsula |
|
41 |
41 |
Lower Kuskokwim |
1,422 |
484 |
1,906 |
Lower Yukon |
38 |
1,219 |
1,257 |
Mat-Su |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Nome City |
|
3 |
3 |
Northwest Arctic |
|
2 |
2 |
Southwest Region |
199 |
285 |
484 |
St. Mary's |
13 |
21 |
34 |
Yupiit |
206 |
44 |
250 |
Total |
1,910 |
2,555 |
4,465 |
|
|
|
|
Inupiaq Eskimo |
|
|
|
Alaska Gateway |
|
2 |
2 |
Anchorage |
2 |
31 |
33 |
Bering Strait |
7 |
337 |
344 |
Fairbanks |
3 |
25 |
28 |
Iditarod |
|
4 |
4 |
Nome City |
4 |
98 |
102 |
North Slope |
202 |
403 |
605 |
Northwest Arctic |
|
1,197 |
1,197 |
Yukon Koyukuk |
1 |
|
1 |
Total |
219 |
2,097 |
2,316 |
|
|
|
|
Spanish |
|
|
|
Adak |
1 |
|
1 |
Alaska Gateway |
2 |
4 |
6 |
Anchorage |
264 |
191 |
455 |
Dillingham |
|
1 |
1 |
Fairbanks |
41 |
44 |
85 |
lditarod |
|
2 |
2 |
Juneau |
12 |
|
12 |
Kenai |
4 |
|
4 |
Ketchikan |
1 |
|
1 |
Kodiak Island Borough |
5 |
4 |
9 |
Mat-Su Borough |
3 |
1 |
4 |
Nome City |
2 |
|
2 |
North Slope |
|
1 |
1 |
Petersburg |
5 |
|
5 |
Total |
340 |
248 |
588 |
|
|
|
|
Filipino |
|
|
|
Adak |
5 |
7 |
12 |
Anchorage |
161 |
117 |
278 |
Fairbanks |
8 |
13 |
21 |
Juneau |
12 |
8 |
20 |
Kenai |
3 |
|
3 |
Ketchikan |
14 |
1 |
15 |
Kodiak Island |
30 |
40 |
70 |
Nenana |
5 |
|
5 |
North Slope |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Unalaska |
3 |
|
3 |
Total |
242 |
188 |
430 |
|
|
|
|
Korean |
|
|
|
Anchorage |
221 |
66 |
287 |
Fairbanks |
30 |
16 |
46 |
Juneau City & Borough |
3 |
|
3 |
Kenai |
1 |
|
1 |
Ketchikan |
1 |
|
1 |
Kodiak Island Borough |
3 |
1 |
4 |
Lower Kuskokwim |
2 |
|
2 |
Mat-Su Borough |
1 |
|
1 |
Nome City |
|
1 |
1 |
Northwest Arctic |
|
2 |
2 |
Petersburg |
7 |
1 |
8 |
Total |
269 |
87 |
356 |
|
|
|
|
St. Lawrence Island (Siberian) Yupik |
|
|
|
Anchorage |
|
2 |
2 |
Bering Strait |
227 |
12 |
239 |
Nome City |
10 |
17 |
27 |
Total |
237 |
31 |
268 |
|
|
|
|
Russian |
|
|
|
Anchorage |
3 |
2 |
5 |
Kenai |
232 |
|
232 |
Mat-Su |
23 |
1 |
24 |
Total |
258 |
3 |
261 |
|
|
|
|
Koyukon Athabaskan |
|
|
|
Fairbanks |
|
12 |
12 |
Galena |
|
52 |
52 |
Iditarod |
|
1 |
1 |
Yukon Flats |
|
10 |
10 |
Yukon Koyukuk |
9 |
125 |
134 |
Tanana |
|
34 |
34 |
Total |
9 |
234 |
243 |
|
|
|
|
Gwich'in (Kutchin) Athabaskan |
|
|
|
Fairbanks |
1 |
33 |
34 |
Yukon Flats |
22 |
179 |
201 |
Total |
23 |
212 |
235 |
|
|
|
|
Japanese |
|
|
|
Anchorage |
124 |
11 |
135 |
Fairbanks |
1 |
3 |
4 |
Ketchikan |
1 |
|
1 |
Unalaska |
2 |
|
2 |
Total |
128 |
14 |
142 |
|
|
|
|
Aleut |
|
|
|
Aleutian Region |
2 |
16 |
18 |
Anchorage |
1 |
29 |
30 |
Bristol Bay |
|
1 |
1 |
Kenai |
|
1 |
1 |
Pribilof Islands |
|
70 |
70 |
Unalaska |
|
18 |
18 |
Total |
3 |
135 |
139 |
|
|
|
|
Sugpiaq (Alutiiq) |
|
|
|
Anchorage |
|
2 |
2 |
Kenai |
1 |
66 |
67 |
Lake & Peninsula |
|
47 |
47 |
Total |
1 |
115 |
116 |